Renal transplantation remains the best treatment option of renal replacement for end-stage chronic kidney disease. Surgical advances in graft quality and implantation techniques have improved transplantation during the last two decades. This has reduced both urologic and vascular complications after implantation. A detailed understanding of renal graft and transplantation anatomy is important to reduce transplantation morbidity. The aim of this article is to provide a detailed anatomic description of the kidney and regions usually involved in human renal transplantation (iliac fossa and left lumbar fossa), to provide basic instructions for the novice transplant surgeon, and to improve the anatomic knowledge of the experienced transplant surgeon.